Georgia Institute of Technology College of Sciences

Filamentous materials may exhibit structure-dependent material properties and function that depend on their entanglement. Even though intuitively entanglement is often understood in terms of knotting or linking, many of the filamentous systems in the natural world are not mathematical knots or links. In this talk, we will introduce a novel and general framework in knot theory that can characterize the complexity of open curves in 3-space. This leads to new metrics of entanglement of open curves in 3-space that generalize classical topological invariants, like for example, the Jones polynomial and Vassiliev invariants. For open curves, these are continuous functions of the curve coordinates and converge to topological invariants of classical knots and links when the endpoints of the curves tend to coincide. These methods provide an innovative approach to advance important questions in knot theory. As an example, we will see how the theory of linkoids enables the first, to our knowledge, parallel algorithm for computing the Jones polynomial.

Importantly, this approach opens exciting applications to systems that can be modeled as open curves in 3-space, such as polymers and proteins, for which new quantitative relationships between their structure and material properties become evident. As an example, we apply our methods to proteins to understand the interplay between their structures and functions. By analyzing almost all protein structures in the Protein Data Bank, we derive for the first time a quantitative representation of the topology/geometry of the Topological Landscape of proteins. We show that 3 topological and geometrical parameters alone can predict the biological classifications of proteins with high accuracy. Moreover, preliminary results show that our proposed topological metrics based on static protein structures alone correlate with protein dynamics and protein function. The methods and results represent a new framework for advancing knot theory, as well as its applications to filamentous materials, which can be validated by experimental data and integrated into machine-learning algorithms.

Mathematics is at the core of artificial intelligence, from the linear algebra that powers deep learning to the probability and optimization driving new algorithms. We will explore how mathematical ideas can open new directions for AI innovation and how recent U.S. AI policy trends are shaping research priorities. Together, these perspectives reveal opportunities for mathematicians to influence the design and future of AI technologies.

Primitive integral Apollonian circle packings are fractal arrangements of tangent circles with integer curvatures.  The curvatures form an orbit of a 'thin group,' a subgroup of an algebraic group having infinite index in its Zariski closure.  The curvatures that appear must fall into a restricted class of residues modulo 24. The twenty-year-old local-global conjecture states that every sufficiently large integer in one of these residue classes will appear as a curvature in the packing. We prove that this conjecture is false for many packings, by proving that certain quadratic and quartic families are missed. The new obstructions are a property of the thin Apollonian group (and not its Zariski closure), and are a result of quadratic and quartic reciprocity, reminiscent of a Brauer-Manin obstruction. Based on computational evidence, we formulate a new conjecture.  This is joint work with Summer Haag, Clyde Kertzer, and James Rickards.  Time permitting, I will discuss some new results, joint with Rickards, that extend these phenomena to certain settings in the study of continued fractions.